A Perceptual Study Of Girls - 825 Words

A Perceptual Study of Girls Purpose of the Study Education has a significant value for all students, boys and girls are valued as equal. This study is an insight on how girl’s education, economical status, and cultural are valued differently in South Kashmir, India. Girls are faced with several challenges and their education is inadequate, due to attendance rate, teacher shortage, and improper curriculum. The young ladies are faced with additional hardships at home; poor living condition and no monies. The enrollment population of girls are lower than boys. Education is supposed to be exposed to all students, but in some cases, it is not. (Ahmad Gul Khan, 2015) Education has a deeper meaning for girls in different countries, because girls have to work extra hard for their education. They are confronted daily with gender issues, and girls become disadvantaged when the gender gets mix with other shortcoming like poverty, scheduled tribes, minorities, or disability. How people perceived education in these countries will impac t the young ladies future. Girl’s education in India, especially in rural areas is one of the main concerns for all educators involved. Ahmad Gul and Khan stated â€Å"that educating a girl is equal to educate a whole family†, â€Å"but educate a man is equal to an individual, but educate a woman, you educate a nation†. The purpose of this study is to provide information, perception, and data on improvement of girl’s education in South Kashmir. (Ahmad Gul Khan,Show MoreRelatedA Wide Age Range Of Kids779 Words   |  4 PagesAt the Centre 4 girls, children aged 5-11 sit at the table and prepare for the announcement of the art of project of the day. Although Administration and Instructors put forth an effort to maintain a disciplined enrichment after school Centre, I have personally witnessed numerous of times where that particular goal was not obtained. The biggest issue with the Centre is that they fail to properly separate and teach children according to their mental and motor capabilities. Integrating a wide age rangeRead MoreThe Assessment Methods Used By Speech Language Pathologists1390 Words   |  6 Pages A study by Skahan, Watson Lof (2007) examined the assessment methods used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) when assessing children with suspected speech sound disorders (SSD). Through a national survey, the study also examined the assessment of non-native English speakers and the length of the assessment process (Skahan, Watson Lof, 2007). The study was pursued due to a lack of research regarding the assessment methods used by SLPs to identify children with SSD. Previous research byRead MoreThe Importance Of Robust Vocabulary Instruction On Children958 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: This study had more than one purpose. The first purpose was to observe the outcomes of robust vocabulary instruction on children who were determined to have below average vocabulary skills. The children’s level of vocabulary was determined by a standardized test of vocabulary. The second purpose was to observe how African American children retain novel vocabulary words and what type of book influences that. The literature review for this study covers robust vocabulary instructionRead MoreLifespan Development1516 Words   |  7 Pagespsychology is the study of how human beings age and transform throughout the eight major stages of life. This paper will focus on the physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development of individuals found in stage two, (early childhood 1-6 year olds). Through exploring, and examining the countless influences that affect their growth development. The physical growth transformations infants undergo in stage two of lifespan development range from, brain, motor, to sensory/perceptual developmentRead MoreAttribution Process1136 Words   |  5 PagesAttribution process McShane Glinow (2008) have proposed attribution process, a different perceptual activity, helps us interpret the world around us. The attribution process involved deciding whether an observed behavior or event is caused largely by internal or by external factors. The perceptual process of deciding whether an observed behavior or event is largely caused by internal or external factors. As Luthans (2008) said, attribution refers simply to how people explain theRead MoreThe Body Image And Advertisements1630 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"the way an individual perceives their physical self, but more importantly the thoughts and feelings the person experience due to that perception† (Healey, 2014). There are four aspects of body image, it includes perceptual, affective, cognitive and behavioural (Healey, 2014). Perceptual is the way you see yourself (Healey, 2014). Affective is the way you feel about the way you look (Healey, 2014). Cognitive is the thoughts and beliefs y ou have about your body (Healey, 2014). Behavioural is the thingsRead MoreThe Negative Stereotypes Of A Child s Interaction With Barbie855 Words   |  4 Pagesresponded, will help to shed some light on many other similar areas of interest. It also helped to further understand how a Barbie could possibly influence a negative stereotypical gender belief, aid in unrealistic body image development, and help keep girls oppressed. I was happily surprised with the outcome, but still pessimistic about the chances of their actions matching their words. I question if the parents will truly give a valid effort to change their child’s interaction with Barbie. It is unwiseRead MoreBody Image And Eating Disorders1375 Words   |  6 Pagesimages, which can lead to eating disorders such as Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa. Body Image is the way you see your body, and how you feel about your appearance. There are four key proponents associated with Body Image. The first aspect is Perceptual Body Image. This is how you see your body, this may not always be a correct representation of how one really looks. For example, one may see themselves as fat, when in reality they’re thin. The next aspect is Affective Body Image, this is how youRead MoreThe Social Premises Causing Gender Gap Within Maths And Science Involvement1329 Words   |  6 Pagesengineering and 30% of graduates from mathematics and computer science programs. (Gender differences in science, technology, engineering, mathematics and computer science (STEM) programs at university, n.d.). This research paper is going to focus on the studies investigating the social premises causing the gender gap in maths and science involvement. Difference in the number of male and female individuals studying maths and science is a consequence of the con tinued normative social construction of genderRead MoreChildhood Development : Physical Changes978 Words   |  4 Pages Childhood Development Case Study Physical Changes/ Male and Female Physical changes taking place after birth that continue the biological maturation of the organism from fertilized egg cell to an adult. To explore fundamental processes that occur in children involves descriptions of the structures and functioning of organs, such as the brain, and the spinal columns, the optics, and taste buds. Girls early puberty and the growth of breast have little or no effect on them mentally. Boys going

Why Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Not be Allowed in...

This is a material world promoting material values, thus meaning that it should not be surprising to see individuals being willing to do everything in their power in order to make profits. Or should it? The sports community today is troubled by a series of athletes who have yielded to societys pressures and abandoned their principles with the purpose of taking performance enhancing drugs. It is difficult to determine if it would be normal for the masses to judge these individuals, concerning that they are actually one of the reasons for which these people have come to consider taking performance enhancing drugs in the first place. However, the only ones who can judge them are other hard-working sportspersons who have stood by their principles and who respect the idea of sport in general. One of the easiest methods to justify why consuming performance enhancing substances is wrong is the fact that it is forbidden. Once an individual accepts that he or she will be a part of a community that values particular rules, the respective person automatically agrees to respect those rules and to do everything in his or her power to make sure that fairness dominates the community as a whole. There are basically three arguments reinforcing this ide: 1. Athletes who use PEDs gain a competitive advantage by knowingly violating the rules. 2. Any activity that gives the athlete a competitive advantage by knowingly violating the rules is morally wrong. 3. It is morally wrong forShow MoreRelatedA Letter to the Minister of Sports in Singapore863 Words   |  3 Pageswonder why competitive athletes cant just use their natural God-given strengths and talent and hence, eliminate the tedious reports of cheating in sports. This letter delves into the issues that officials and team administrators deal with vis-à  -vis banned substances, and takes the position that society urgently must find solutions for cheating in sports. I hope you have time to give consideration to the materials presented herein. The Literature on the Problems Related to Illegal Drug use in Sports Read MoreHall of Fame Steroids Paper3060 Words   |  13 Pagesathletes who have ever played the game. However, it becomes difficult to decide who gets into the Hall, with a sporting world that is notorious for cheating allegations. The most talked about players in the steroid debate include: Alex Rodriguez, Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa and Roger Clemens. These players have been caught in relations to the steroid debate with notable evidence and should be left out of the Hall of Fame. Doing so will preserve the purity of the Hall of Fame; along with recognizingRead MoreResearch Paper and Argument Topics4449 Words   |  18 Pagesand Entertainment Race and Ethnicity †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Should racial profiling be a legitimate law enforcement policy in some areas? Should Affirmative Action for state university enrollment be continued? Should the primary method of public school funding (property taxes in individual school districts) be amended to create more fairness in schools? If a university offers African-American Studies or Black Studies as courses, should it also offer European-American Studies or White StudiesRead MoreNation Branding-Best Practices Through Sports, Laws and Science7411 Words   |  30 PagesAfrica is given below in brief. This presents an insight in to the nation branding as a whole and in to the Sports domain as a measure of enhancing the brand nation. Mr. Anholt, you are recognized the world over as the leading expert on a concept referred to as â€Å"nation branding†. In the world of marketing, the Nation Brands Index (NBI) is equally loved and feared. Why has nation branding become so important in the age of globalization? I hope that the â€Å"Nation Brands Index† isn’t loved or feared in theRead Morethe risk and possible consequences for children and young people using the internet, mobile phones and other technologies4242 Words   |  17 Pagespeople’s health and also their wellbeing, for example the Health and Safety Act of 1974 are in place to make sure that the environment where children and young people gathered or participate activities are safe, these could be for educational or sporting activities. Learning Outcome 1: Know about the legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people including e-safety. Learning outcome 1.2 Describe the roles of different agenciesRead MoreEFFECT OF PEER PRESSURE OF STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOL5933 Words   |  24 Pageshallmark of an adolescent experience. Peer conformity in young people is most pronounced with respect to style, taste, appearance, ideology, and values. Peer pressure is commonly associated with episodes of adolescent risk taking (such as delinquency, drug abuse, sexual behaviors, and reckless driving) because these activities commonly occur in the company of peers. Affiliation with friends who engage in risk behaviors has been shown to be a strong predictor of an adolescents own behavior. HoweverRead MoreManagers and Managing15099 Words   |  61 PagesLEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: âÅ"“ Describe what management is, why management is important, what managers do, and how managers utilise organisational resources efï ¬ ciently and effectively to achieve organisational goals. âÅ"“ Distinguish among planning, organising, leading and controlling (the four principal managerial functions), and explain how managers’ ability to handle each one can affect organisational performance. âÅ"“ Differentiate among levels of management, andRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technology e. Genetic modification f. Right tech for wrong reasons 3. Arts/Culture a. Arts have a future in Singapore? b. Why pursue Arts? c. Arts and technology d. Uniquely Singapore: Culture 4. Environment a. Developed vs. Developing b. Should environment be saved at all costs c. Are we doing enough to save the environment? d. Main reasons for environmental problems nowadays 5. Religion a. Religion divides more thanRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesFundamentals of Human Resource Management Tenth Edition David A. DeCenzo Coastal Carolina University Conway, SC Stephen P. Robbins San Diego State University San Diego, CA Tenth Edition Contributor Susan L. Verhulst Des Moines Area Community College Ankeny, IA John Wiley Sons, Inc. Associate Publisher Executive Editor Senior Editoral Assistant Marketing Manager Marketing Assistant Production Manager Senior Production Editor Freelance Development Editor Senior Designer InteriorRead MoreCostco Due Diligence Report28823 Words   |  116 PagesOverview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 5 Corporate Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Organization and General Corporate Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 Performance Measurement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 Financial Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 36 Asset†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. . 38 Liability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 42 Treasury†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 45

Telecommunications and Networking Strategy

Question: Describe about the Telecommunications And Networking Strategy? Answer: Introduction: This assignment deals with the strategy of information technology and networking of ABCD University. An information resource security policy has been set in this assignment by considering the objective of risk reduction, law and regulation, information integrity and confidentiality of the information. This university provides world class infrastructure for the students. Students and staffs strength of ABCD University is 19000 and this institution provides 3000 computers those are accessed by the students and the staffs of this particular institution (Anadiotis et al. 2014). However, this University is focusing upon the more innovative as well as productive strategy of networking and information technology service. This University has focused upon giving the world class phenomenon of innovative strategy of networking and information technology. Various types of aspects of ethical as well as unethical practices have to be stopped for the safety and security of the computers and the users. Privacy of the data should be considered by the University. Therefore, this University has focused upon the innovative design of networking and information technology. These activities should be taken in order to mitigate the risks of the data. Third- party access security: As stated by, Bar and Leiponen (2014) third party access policy is very important policy for assessing the risk at the time of access of third parties to the information system of the university. It also helps to ensure effective security of information. In order to achieve third party access security some important elements have to be considered by the authority. According to Hillston et al. (2004), the quantity of outside parties, service providers, vendors should be known by the authority. The authority should know the access system of the third parties. For this task, it is quite difficult to know the accurate system of access. Therefore, the information technology department of University should provide same and particular solution to access the network. Therefore, third parties have to use the remote access tool in order to get the access of the network of the University. By acquiring the Third Party access Security University can have the control over the networking and security of its own. On the other hand, Katsigiannis (2012) stated that, if the IT department of the University chooses a remote access tool, any unauthorized remote tool should not be allowed by the authority. Access tool that has been based on the web should be blocked by the university in order to protect from the hackers and third party vendors. Several third party vendors demands for accessing the network system of the University. The information technology department should not provide access to all type of machines of networking of the University. If an employee or vendor wants to access the network the support system will require permission. This support system will help the department in order to restrict the third parties and control over the networking system. This system helps to monitor and restrict the accessing capacity of the vendors and employees. Process of permission is the important element in order to strongly control over the networking system of University. The authority also can change the permission setting (Khan et al. 2014). Classification of assets and control: According to Lokshina and Bartolacci (2014), the process of asset classification is a very important task of information technology. The location of assets and the respective values of the asset should be known by the respective authority. By knowing the assets the authority would be able to know the required time and money in order to take the necessary steps for protecting the assets. Various types of assets are discussed as follows: Information assets: This refers to the several types of University related information. The information have been gathered from the genuine sources and classified as well as arranged and stored in different forms. Therefore those forms are discussed as follows: Database: several types of financial information are gathered as the form of database. Database contains all the necessary as well as important information of customers, suppliers, vendors, sales, productions, marketing etc. Information Archive: Legal information has been stored in the information archive. Data files: Different types of transaction related data with proper dates have been stored as data files. Backup and continuity: The information should be kept and maintained for any sudden situation. Relevant information should be kept with proper manner. Software assets: Various types of application software and system software are used as the storage of information. Physical assets: Various types of tangible assets, like desktop, laptop, hard drive, hard disk, modems, other technical equipments, power suppliers, air conditioners are being considered as the physical assets of the organization. However, Meghanathan (2014) stated that, establishing an asset accountability is involved in the control process of various types of assets of University. Fixed asset register should be used by the authority in order to maintain the fixed record of the asset. Information classification: As stated by, Powell (2009), the information has been classified by two methods. Information can be classified by the characteristics of information and by its application. The characteristics of information can be three types. Decision making information can be of three types, one that is related to the strategy other that is related to the tactics and other that is related to the operations. On the other hand, the information can be classified by its application. Planning information, controlling information, organizational information, knowledge information, operational information and database information are involved in the classification of information. Process of user training: The authority should provide adequate knowledge in order to train the teacher, staffs and students. Basic knowledge about information technology, software, hardware and operating system should be provided by the authority for enhancing their practical and theoretical knowledge. The university should implement a trained and experienced teacher in order to provide basic knowledge about information technology, networking and security issues of information technology. This will be helpful for the future practice of security and networking among the working procedures of the university. Proper training will help the user to work with proper manner. Proper trained user would never damage the system (Sanyal and Prasad,2014). Effective responses to the major security issues: System of networking or computer should be protected from various types of unauthorized sources or access. Various types of security issues can be solved by the available antivirus within the market. Viruses, worms, Trojans and spyware can cause damage to the computer system. Besides taking this activity, machine firewalls should be kept on at the time of data transfer. Trained and experienced team of information technology has the ability to recognize the malfunction within the system. Figure: An efficient architecture of Network Security (Source: Shakhakarmi, 2014, pp- 26) Physical and environmental security: As stated by, Tosti and Umiliaco (2014) the University should be able to prevent any sort of unauthorized access within the critical and important areas of access. Server rooms and other rooms those are stored with valuable as well as important documents and data that should be protected by the authority. On the other hand, cash and more valuable assets are stored in the rooms those are should be kept with strong security. This security measure should be taken in order to prevent major damage of these physical properties. On the other hand, Tropina (2015) stated that, the authority should make security perimeters for restricting the entry for the sensitive areas those can hold various types of facilities of holding important information. Apart from these, fire alarms, CCTVs, alarmed locks, motion alarms, audio surveillance are involved in the system those can be used by the authority. Biometric authentication device can also be installed by the authority in order to control any sort of unauthorized entry (WANG et al. 2014). These are the important measures for protecting the physical damage of various types of equipments. Besides taking these initiatives, accurate as well as efficient protection should be used by the authority in order to protect these equipments from natural disasters, like cyclone, earthquakes, floods etc. On the other hand, the authority should check that any equipment should not harm the environment of that place. Environment should be clean and pollution free. Several types of equipments of information technology and networking often cause danger for the birds. Mobile wave and other wave can be harmful for the birds and creature of the environment. These waves have become the cause of death of many birds. Therefore, it causes the environmental imbalances. Therefore, the authority should consider the ecology of the environment. They should not use those type of equipments those are harmful for the environment (Wytra et al. 2014). Process of access control: However, Anadiotis et al. (2014) stated that, in order to control the access various types of control system can be implemented by the authority. As discussed by, Fodor and Dan (2007), access control is the most important part within the field of physical as well as information security. This is a system of selection that ensures a selective and particular access to a resource or place of information. Permission to an accurate access is called as authorization of the access for the resource. Therefore Huang et al. (2012), stated that, ABCD University can implement an effective control system that is attribute based. Attribute based access control system is therefore granted on the basis of the attributes of the users. Before getting access to the control engine the particular user should provide as well as prove some few and necessary details in order to get the access of the control engine. Here an example is given to clear the fact that, a claim has been done in the form of Team IT, therefore, the user should prove this claim. After proving the claim, the user should be able to get access of the control engine. For attribute based access control system, XACML is the standard system of access control (Michaelis, 2012). Cryptographic control: As stated by Reddish et al. (2012), cryptographic deals with various types of guidelines, integrity of data, user authentication, confidentiality etc. In order to maintain the security of networking and various types of elements of information technology cryptographic control should be implemented by the University. Cryptographic control includes identification and credentials for authentication within the storage transit. Various types of important information those are related to the wireless communication should be stored by considering cryptographic control. On the other hand, Michaelis (2012) argued that, in order to transfer important and sensitive data through internet cryptographic control should be used by the authority. Compliance system and audit control: According to Powell (2009), university should implement the Compliance audit system. The system of compliance audit should be adopted by the many educational as well as other organizations. This is a very popular and effective technique for the institution. This system has been kept for monitoring the rules and regulations of the organization. Compliance system should be analyzed by the personnel of information technology in order to make a concrete compliance plans. On the other hand, Lokshina and Bartolacci (2014) argued that, several types of policies those are related to the access control of the user, security of the system, risk management techniques should be reviewed by the auditor. Necessary information should be backed up and protected for the future with the help of Disaster Recovery Infrastructure. Conclusions: Every organization needs to implement information technology for giving better service to the target audiences. Within the competitive sector of the market digitalization and automation are very important in order to achieve the competition of the market. Proper educational service needs the innovative as well as developed technology by the institution. It is mandatory for all organizations to use the system of computers. Information technology should be acquired by every institution for providing better service to the students and other staffs of the organization. Recommendation: Effective and innovative design should be taken by the authority. The people of the institution should well equipped with proper knowledge and training. The authority should implement the important mechanism in order to prevent the data that has been kept confidential in the storage of computer. Reference lists Books Tropina, T. (2015) Book Review Telecommunications Policy Journals Anadiotis, A., Patrikakis, C. and Murat Tekalp, A. (2014). Information-centric networking for multimedia, social and peer-to-peer communications. Trans. Emerging Tel. Tech., 25(4), pp.383-391. Bar, T. and Leiponen, A. (2014). Committee Composition and Networking in Standard Setting: The Case of Wireless Telecommunications. Journal of Economics Management Strategy, 23(1), pp.1-23. Hillston, J., Kloul, L. and Mokhtari, A. (2004). Towards a Feasible Active Networking Scenario. Telecommunication Systems, 27(2-4), pp.413-438. Katsigiannis, M. (2012). Mobile Network Offloading. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking, 4(3), pp.40-53. Khan, J., Chen, D. and Hulin, O. (2014). Enabling technologies for effective deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) systems: A communication networking perspective. ajTDE, 2(4). Lokshina, I. and Bartolacci, M. (2014). Thinking eHealth:. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking, 6(3), pp.27-36. Meghanathan, N. (2014). Centrality-Based Connected Dominating Sets for Complex Network Graphs. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking, 6(2), pp.1-24. Powell, S. (2009). Interdisciplinarity in Telecommunications and Networking. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking, 1(1), pp.1-8. Sanyal, R. and Prasad, R. (2014). Enabling Cellular Device to Device Data Exchange on Sarkar, N. and Nisar, K. (2012). Performance of VoIP in Wired-Cum-Wireless Ethernet Network. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking, 4(4), pp.1-25. Shakhakarmi, N. (2014). Next Generation Wearable Devices:. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking, 6(2), pp.25-51. Tosti, F. and Umiliaco, A. (2014). FDTD Simulation of the GPR Signal for Preventing the Risk of Accidents due to Pavement Damages. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking, 6(1), pp.1-9. WANG, G., HUANG, T., LIU, J., XIE, R. and LIU, Y. (2014). In-network caching for energy efficiency in content-centric networking. The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications, 21(4), pp.25-31. Wytrbowicz, J., Ries, T., Dinh, K. and Kukliski, S. (2014). SDN Controller Mechanisms for Flexible and Customized Networking. International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications, 60(4). Anadiotis, A., Patrikakis, C. and Murat Tekalp, A. (2014) Information-centric networking for multimedia, social and peer-to-peer communications Trans. Emerging Tel. Tech., 25(4), pp.383-391 Fodor, V. and Dan, G. (2007) Resilience in live peer-to-peer streaming [Peer-to-Peer Multimedia Streaming]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 45(6), pp.116-123 Huang, Y., Obaidat, M., Kato, N. and Deng, D. (2012) Multimedia P2P networking: Protocols, solutions and future directions. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl., 5(4), pp.309-311 Michaelis, C. (2012). Considerations for Implementing OGC WMS and WFS Specifications in a Desktop GIS JGIS, 04(02), pp.161-167 Reddish, T., Sullivan, M., Hammond, P., Thorn, P. and Arora, G. (2012) Stable operating conditions for a passive desktop sized electrostatic storage ring. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 388(14), p.142013

Telegraph and its Impacts in Mass Communication

Since the foundation of the earth, people have been communicating using different means and devices. Telegraph is just one of many means of communication that have been invented. It is a device that is used to transmit and receive written information from one point to another (Bruno Para 4). Messages are sent using an electric current although the word illustrates a system used to send written messages through optical means.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Telegraph and its Impacts in Mass Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After its invention, it was the most popular means which was being used to send written messages in some areas of Europe and America. However, it is important to note that telegraph was exceedingly popular only before the invention of telephones although its use did not stop immediately. In addition, some means which came later like telegrams as well as telex continued to use telegraphy. Nonetheless, they were later replaced by fax transmissions which were using telephone lines. Since the invention telegraph, a lot of development has taken place and currently, international telegraphy makes use of satellite transmission and radio bands which operate at a very high frequency. Based on that background, it is explicit that invention of telegraphy has had various impacts in mass communication. Therefore, this essay shall focus on telegraph and narrow down to the impact of the same in the filed of mass communication. It is important discuss the history of telegraphy to be in a position to understand its direct impacts in mass communication. Telegraph replaced earlier means of sending information which were inclusive but not limited to smoke, fires at night, drums beating and horns. However, towards the end of the eighteenth century, Claude Chappe, an engineer from France invented a telegraph system known as a semaphore which was used to send messages from one hill top to another (Coe pp. 24). Latter on, Chappe and his brother were able to build a series of towers between cities which were using telescopes to send written messages from one city to another. His system became successful and he came up with the world telegraph. It is a combination of two Greek words, tele and graphien which means ‘distance’ and ‘to write’ respectively. Generally, the word telegraph means writing at a distance (Bruno Para 7). However, it is important to point out that although the system was successful, it required a lot of staff to operate and was also affected by the weather. The invention of electricity was very instrumental as it led to the discovery of electric telegraphy by William and Charles in the 19th century. Electric telegraphy was closely followed by other improvements.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mo re Morse, an artist from America invented electric telegraphy which could be used in the whole world. Although he lacked scientific information, he was able to consult some physicist who introduced him to electromagnetism. It is thorough the use of electromagnetism that Morse telegraphy was able to spread quickly through out the whole world and successfully replaced older version that was being used in Europe. Through out history, major developments in telegraphy have been taking place as the world has been characterized by various technological developments. For instance, history records that the world was already connected by telegraph wires towards the end of the 19th century. Telegraphic cables were even placed under the sea and through that, it was possible to connect different continents. For instance, Trans Atlantic cables were being used in the mid 20th century and by then; all parts in the world were connected using such cables (The History Of The Telegraph Para 4). Altho ugh there are many means and devices that have impacted mass communication, the impact of telegraph cannot be underestimated. For instance, study of history has indicated that earlier means of sending information were so slow such that information sending could take not only days, but also weeks and months depending with the distance. However, after major developments of a telegraphy system, it was possible to send a written message from London to New York in three minutes. Therefore, telegraphs resulted in efficiency and effectiveness as the distance factor was greatly reduced if not eliminate. That was a very significant step in mass communication as it marked the beginning of major improvements in the same filed (Castells pp. 10). Initially, telegraph was very useful in the military since it was used to pass information during wars. For instance, during the civil wars in America, the intercontinental telegraphy came in handy as it made it possible to pass important information. T he same system was also being used during the war between Spanish and America and also during the World War I. Moreover, through the use of teleprinters, it was possible to send secret information using the same system (Bruno Para 6). Increased distribution of news from one region to another can be termed as the greatest impact of telegraph in the filed of mass communication. Initially, business and political news were confined in a particular region as there were no effective means of distributing information from one point to another.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Telegraph and its Impacts in Mass Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, after the discovery of telegraph, information could flow easily from one region to another. As a result, business and politics as well as other aspects of culture were greatly changed due to the same effect. The knowledge of international news incre ased and the same had a great effect on people’s way of life. Although there were some negative effects of the same, there were a lot of benefits like peace promotion (Elon University School of Communications, Para 3). Telegraph marked the beginning of great changes in the filed of mass communication. Apart from sending business and political news, telegraph contributed greatly to the newspaper industry. Before the invention of telegraph, newspaper industry was underdeveloped since printers used to publish information and stories that were within their reach (Steury pp. 80). In addition, further studies illustrate that due to lack of a lot of information, newspapers used even to publish stories from other older newspapers. It was too taxing to gather information and to transport it from one point to another. However, after the invention of a telegraph, it was possible to collect information from many points in wide geographical region and publish the same information in news papers before it became outdated. Since gathering of information was easier, competition increased as new dailies could now be published. Gathering information also changed greatly as publishers made local arrangements which were meant to help in the same. Editors could easily exchange stories and it was possible to send information or a story from the interior parts to the editor directly (Fang pp. 10). Telegraph is a device or a system that contributed greatly in the field of mass communication. It not only resulted in efficiency and effectiveness, but also affected the quality of information positively. Invention of a telegraph led to a lasting impact in the field of mass communication. For instance, from then onwards, it has been possible for news to be distributed from one continent to another. Geographical distance ceased to be an obstacle. There were other developments that came in to being like sending of coded messages and all were influenced by telegraph (Steury Para 4). T herefore, telegraphy has been of great use since through it, the field of mass communication has been able to achieve its goal of distributing quality and up to date information. Consequently, major developments have taken place in all sectors.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Bruno, Leonard, C. Telegraph – History. n. d. Web.16th October 2010. Castells, Manuel. Communication power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Print. Coe, Lewis. The Telegraph: A History of Morse’s Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1993. Print. Elon University School of Communications. 1830s-1860s-Telegraph. n. d. Web. 16th October 2010. Fang, Irving, E. A history of mass communication: six information revolutions. Oxford: Focal Press, 1997. Print. Steury, Donald, P. Under the Wire: How the Telegraph Changed Diplomacy. 2008. Web. The History of the Telegraph. n. d. Web. This research paper on Telegraph and its Impacts in Mass Communication was written and submitted by user Madalyn Stokes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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The Harp essays

The Harp essays Recently I made the decision to attend a Harp concert with my girlfriend and her family. I must admit to thinking that all this time the instrument called "The Harp" was strictly used to put people to sleep. I was not at all prepared for the miracle I was about to receive. As I sat there in the front row positioning myself for a good nap I suddenly heard the most beautiful music my ears have ever witnessed. Letizia Belmondo had begun a performance that would completely change the way I felt about all types of music. Out of the 6 pieces played I will briefly mention 2. The first was the opening piece of her performance and was written by the composer Domenico Scarlatti (born Naples, 26 October 1685; died Madrid, 23 July 1757). The piece was Andante Moderato - Sonata in F Minor. In my research I found that Scarlatti wrote the book on many complicated techniques, such as hand-crossing, rapidly repeated notes, wide leaps in both hands and countless other means of achieving a devastating brilliance of effect. Letizia had no doubt spent many years mastering these techniques as she clearly portrayed in her rendition of this piece. The second I chose was the Introduction for Cadenza and Rondo by the renowned 19th century harpist and composer Elias Parish-Alvars. This man both during his time and still today was recognized as the "King of Harpists". Of all the works I had the pleasure of listening too this was the most moving. I don't think any song has brought up so many different forms of emotion than this magical tune. It felt like being on a roller coaster. Being a "newbie" to this form of music I have been struggling to find any information on the story of these songs. I can strongly attest to feeling emotions that I never knew existed. I can tell you that all my life I have never been a very emotional person. Like most men I choose to stuff my emotion away until it dissolves or finds another means of getting out. When I saw Let ...

Learning About Starfish

Learning About Starfish Starfish are fascinating creatures. With their   bumpy, five-armed bodies, its easy to see how they got their  name, but did you know that starfish arent really fish at all? Scientists dont call these ocean-dwelling  creatures starfish. They call them sea stars because they arent fish. They dont have gills, scales, or backbones like fish do. Instead, starfish are invertebrate  marine organisms tbhat  are part of the family known as  echinoderms. One feature that all echinoderms have in common is that their body parts are arranged symmetrically around a center point. For starfish, those body  parts are their arms. Each arm has suckers that help starfish, who dont swim, move along and capture prey. Most of the 2,000 species of starfish have the five arms that inspired their name, but some have as many as 40 arms! Starfish can regrow an arm if they lose one. Thats because their vital organs are located in their arms. In fact, as long as an arm has part of the starfishs central disc, it can regenerate an entire starfish. At the end of each of a starfishs five to forty arms is  an eye that helps them locate food. Starfish eat things like clams, snails, and small fish. Their stomachs are located on the underside of their central body part. Did you know that a starfishs stomach can come out of its body to envelop its prey? Another striking fact about starfish is that they dont have brains or blood! Instead of blood, they have a water vascular system that helps them breathe, move, and expel waste. Instead of a brain, they have a complex system of light - and temperature-sensitive nerves. Starfish  live only in saltwater habitats but are found in all Earths oceans. They vary in sized based on the species but are usually between 4 and 11 inches in diameter and can weigh up to 11 pounds. The lifespan of a starfish also varies by species, but many live up to 35 years. They can be found in a variety of colors such as brown, red, purple, yellow, or pink. If you are fortunate enough to find a starfish in a  tide pool or the ocean, you can safely pick it  up. Just be very careful not to harm the starfish and make sure to return it to its home. Learning About Starfish To learn more about sea stars, try some of these excellent books: Starfish by Edith Thacher Hurd is a Lets-Read-and-Find-Out About story about starfish  and how they live in the deep blue sea. One Shining Starfish by Lori Flying Fish is a colorful counting book featuring starfish and other ocean-dwelling creatures.   Star of the Sea: A Day in the Life of a Starfish by  Janet Halfmann is a beautifully-illustrated book that weaves facts about starfish into a delightfully captivating tale. Seashells, Crabs and Sea Stars: Take-Along Guide by Christiane Kump Tibbitts introduces a variety of marine life, including starfish. It includes tips for identifying several marine-dwelling creatures and features fun activities to try. Spiny Sea Star: A Tale of Seeing Stars by Suzanne Tate provides easily-accessible facts about starfish with adorable illustrations. Sea Star Wishes: Poems from the Coast by Eric Ode is a collection of  ocean-themed poems, including those about starfish. Memorize a starfish poem or two as you study sea stars. Resources and Activities for Learning About Starfish Spend some time researching and learning about starfish using your library, the Internet, or local resources. Try some of these ideas: Learn more about how starfish see with the eyes at the end of each of their arms.Research starfish anatomy. Learn how they eat, breathe, and move.Visit an aquarium or a fish store to see live starfish up close.If you live near a beach, look for starfish in the tide pools.Make a diorama featuring starfish, their habitat, and their prey.Create an ABC book about starfish.Do some research to find out what creatures other than starfish are members of the  echinoderm family.Learn about the dangers,  such as predators and pollution, that starfish face. Starfish, or sea stars, are enchanting creatures who play an important role in their environment. Have fun learning more about them! Updated by Kris Bales

Floating cities vs colonial America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Floating cities vs colonial America - Essay Example Most of these people are also Native Americans. The differences between them include the fact that liberalists are mostly rich citizens who have well-established businesses with no affiliation to the government. They do not work for the government and they want to break away from it. The leaders of the American revolutionary war work for the government through the military. They support the government and are against anyone who opposes it, including the liberalists (David, p. 12). I do not think that the colonial cities offer the same opportunities that colonial America offered citizens of other nations. This is because the founders of these floating cities want to be liberalized and are motivated by breaking as far away from the government as possible. They want to offer their people greater opportunities that the colonial America never offered to its people (Edward, p. 4). The classes of people going to participate in the floating cities are an important factor to the political development of these cities. This is because most of the people sponsoring the development of these cities are the wealthy people such as landowners, businessmen and other high ranking individuals. Therefore, this is the select group of people that can be able to belong to the floating cities. The ordinary poor person cannot afford to have a say in these cities unless they are simply taken there to be passive citizens (Lawrence & Robert, p 105). I think that these floating cities would turn out the same as any other nation politically. According to the theory of social contract by Thomas Hobbes, individuals will only unite into common political societies when they mutually consent to accept duties and abide by common rules. The founders of these floating cities are all motivated by the disgruntlement from the government. According to this theory, a rational individual would easily give up his or her rational freedom voluntarily so as to enjoy the

National Labor Relations Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Labor Relations Act - Essay Example For a while, the employees felt a sense of contentment with the recognition of their rights made through their unions only to be plunged ultimately by the assertion of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947. The labor law is defined comprising mainly on the elements of law, and in its entirety deals on the state policies on labor and employment. It' constituents are composed of the persons, individuals, labor organizations, partnerships, corporations to name a few. On the one hand, an employer may be an agent directly or indirectly of any institution government or not that utilizes the labor force in it's earning capacity. Karl Marx would have blatantly the employer as: "the capitalist". Albeit a non-foolproof provision, the Act as a law considers it illegal for employers to exercise interference, restraint or coercion on a union's collective activity. The Act also prohibits domination and refusal of employers to bargain in good faith with union representatives. Illegality is also seen in cases where the employer retaliates for the filing of unfair-labor practices charge and the discrimination against employees who take part in union or any other collective activity. Threats from employers against union members fall under the category of union-busting along with coercion, disciplinary actions, suspen

The Sniper Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Sniper Analysis Essay The Sniper The sniper is a story about a civil war taken place in Dublin. It tells of a republican sniper sitting on a rooftop of a building near to OConnell bridge. The war is between Republicans and the free states. the sniper is one of the fellow of republican, when a free state sniper shows himself on an opposite roof. they were waiting each other to see who would end up the better. Eventually the republican sniper gains the upper hand and after taking a bullet in the arm destroys the worthy opponent. After a curious inspection to the identity of the enemy sniper he finds himself looking into the eyes of his dead brother. The author created a three dimensional and interesting essay using important setting, Diction, and simile that effectively brings the essay in to life. The opening paragraph gives a vivid description of situation as would physically been seen, and gives a brief description of the setting, Also the setting contribute by being the critical component for assisting the story. The place the â€Å"sniper† takes place is in a city called Dublin, the sniper post himself on a rooftop near to the four courts building and O’Connell bridge. By using the word looking it draws the reader’s attention to the eye of the sniper. In addition when â€Å"the sniper looked at his enemy falling and he shuddered† the word of choice on this occasion is very effective as it makes it easy for the reader to imagine the sniper feels. The reader can interpret the word â€Å"shuddered† in several ways. The most obvious way that the reader can interpret this is the sniper got a chill down his back as he watched the body falls to the ground. In addition simile also play a great roll in the effectiveness of the story, for example the author mentioned â€Å"machine guns and refiles broke the silence of the night spasmodically, like dogs barking on lone farm† these sentence makes similarity between firing of machine gun in the night with dog barking on lone farm, which makes the situation to be emphasised. Also the writer used simile after the sniper shot his right arm to emphasise his pen â€Å"his right arm was paining him like a thousand devils†. In both cases simile compare the two ideas indirectly and allow them to remain distinct in spite of their similarities. In general, the setting , choice of words and the way the writer used to point out the similarities between tow things are very effective. These elements are the most crucial devices to create an effect and they are used to help and persuade the reader to agree the view presented in the story.

A Comparison of A Midsummer Nights Dream and Romeo and Juliet :: comparison compare contrast essays

Various parallels in Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night's Dream tend to support the theory   that the two plays are closely related. It is the purpose of this paper to show that wherever parallels exist, the relationship is probably from A Midsummer Night's Dream to Romeo and Juliet. A close analysis of the spirit of the two plays, and of the different attitudes towards love and life that they present, leads us to the conclusion that A Midsummer   Night's Dream is the natural reaction of Shakespeare's mind from Romeo and Juliet.    It will be unnecessary in this paper to present all the evidence bearing on the dates of composition of the two plays.   There can be little doubt that the first version of Romeo and Juliet appeared about 1591.   The date of the first version of the Dream is more problematical.   The only bit of external evidence is the mention of the play in Francis Meres's2 Palladis Tamiain 1598, but the strongest bit of internal evidence-the supposed reference to the death of Robert Greene, in Act v, I, 52-3:    The thrice three Muses mourning for the death Of Learning, late deceased in beggary--       would fix the date at 1592-3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assuming, then, that the Dream was written soon, perhaps immediately, after Romeo and Juliet, let us see if a comparative study of the two plays will not support our hypothesis.    Awake the pert and nimble spirit of mirth, Turn melancholy forth to funerals       says Theseus in the first scene of the Dream, and later in the first scene of Act v:    Lovers and madmen have such seething brains, Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend More than cool reason ever comprehends. The lunatic, the lover, and the poet Are of imagination all compact       These two speeches of Theseus, to whom Shakespeare has given much of his own clear-eyed serenity and benignity, are, it seems to me, significant manifestations of the poet's own mental attitude when he

How does Edger Allan Poe Use Language to Create a Sense of Drama Intention Essay

â€Å"The Tell Tail Heart,† by Edger Allan Poe, is a novel in which tension and expectation play essential roles to the reader’s experience. The audience, generally well educated widely read adults, would appreciate this novel as a recollection of a clearly insane man. In order to â€Å"tell you the whole story†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Poe has written somewhat of an early psychological thriller, creating a mental portrait of a mad protagonist, who details the killing of an old man, and later hears his victims ‘relentless heartbeat.’ The opening sets up a contrast of sanity versus insanity, creating a psychological chaos that enraptures the reader. Drama intention is portrayed through a variety of ways, all working cohesively with one another to create an over all sense of embossed insanity and powerful emotion. The way in which the opening is written gives the reader an immediate clue to the mental state of the protagonist. The very first line; â€Å"True! – nervous – very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad?† uses all three tenses within one shortened period. This reflects the narrator’s excitement, suggesting that his mind is jittery, jumping about with different thoughts and ideas. An elevated use of punctuation reinforces this effect, as it means the text does not flow, creating sentence fragmentation, allowing the reader to comprehend the elevated mental state of the protagonist. It is not yet made clear to the reader as to why the narrator is excited in this manner, he appears to be worked up about something, causing the reader to grow curious and excited themselves about the prospect of finding out what is causing his fuss. Poe has used the tactic of withholding information strongly within the first paragraph, causing the monologue to become somewhat of a gradual revelation. This allows Poe to hold the reader in suspense, consequentially creating a heightened level of dramatic tension. Written in a first person narrative, it is made very clear that the monologue is of the form of a speech to the reader. This effect is achieved by the extensive use of punctuation and colloquial terminology. As it is a monologue, there is a suggestion or effect that he is confessing his thoughts to the reader. This means that the piece is almost as if we can see into the mind of the protagonist. Allowing the reader to see a unique view of the thoughts and feelings of another. The form of the text is not over zealous or important, however the contrast of the content and the form is very clear. The piece is written in standard, respectable paragraphed prose, contrasting the disturbing and gruesome content of the novel. The language employed, and the literary devices it is used within, is the primary way in which Poe has succeeded in creating this suspenseful piece. Punctuation is used to great effect, embellishing the sentences to create the narrative confession of the protagonist. Extensive use of exclamation marks, hyphens, and semi colons are all relied upon to create sentence fragments and colloquial, broken text. The reader is given an immediate sense of excitement and instability; in â€Å"True! – nervous- very very dreadfully nervous.† This suggests that the protagonist is jumpy and in a chaotic mental state. As an opening this proves to be attention gauging, as the reader is unaware of the motive for excitement. This is extended throughout by a heightened use of fragmentation through hyphens. The line, â€Å"Sharpened my senses – not destroyed – not dulled them† reiterates the form of a monologue, reinforcing the idea of speech to the reader, using the sentence fragment as a chance to find some self affirmation. Therefore the reader is allowed to see the within the mind of the criminal, giving them a unique insight to the way he thinks – allowing greater involvement and understanding from the reader. This is an unlikely experience as the protagonist shows signs of mental instability and therefore would create a very interesting subject for the reader to asses from a psychological point of view. An extensive vocabulary and heightened lexis is employed throughout the piece, suggesting that the piece is aimed at the well educated adult. The majority of the novel is comprised of Standard English, with a small number of colloquialisms spread throughout, allowing the protagonist to appear both educated and well-spoken. This creates an interesting contrast to his actions, as it is not the norm to have well educated, (supposedly well judged and reasoned) people committing a very irrational act such as murder. The monologue is written in the form of a conventional novel, but primarily in the form of a narrative first person. Hints of confession to the audience are found, intertwined with the use of direct address, with colloquial terms such as â€Å"Ha!† and the use of rhetorical questions, for example â€Å"why will you say that I am mad?† Poe has used these devices to thoroughly involve the audience within the piece. The result of this is that the reader is manipulated to feel like part of the story and therefore feel the tension created at a greater effect. Poe has employed various forms of imagery within the piece. He describes that the â€Å"hinges creaked† on the old wooden door. This is a little clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d however acts very successfully in creating a picture within the mind of the reader. This is done by almost sub-consciously relating back to children’s stories, where an old creaking door would make the entrance to a spooky castle in which an evil witch lived. This very definite image of the eerie or spooky, reinforces that the novel is somewhat of a refined horror. Creaking doors are often used to create a dramatic atmosphere, and Poe has clearly played on this link and used it to his advantage to create a scary situation for the reader. Animal imagery, coupled with an extended metaphor is also used to great effect. It is suggested that the old man that is to be killed is in possession of an â€Å"evil eye.† This eye becomes the protagonist’s excuse for killing the man, and so it is capitalised upon as a reason. This develops into an extended metaphor when it is referred to as a â€Å"vulture eye† and later, it is suggested that his eye â€Å"resembled that of a vulture.† A vulture is an animal commonly associated with evil and malice. This provokes a similar reaction or opinion of the old man from the narrator, however the reader is still left considering the sanity of the protagonist, and therefore is more reluctant to hold the same opinion as him over the justification of killing the old man. The irrational killing about to happen is used to put the reader on edge, creating intense suspension and a heightened expectation of the approaching events. Clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s provide an interesting platform on which Poe entertains the reader. â€Å"My blood ran cold,† provides a very clear sense of the emotional situation of the protagonist. This allows us to observe the effect that the eye has on the narrator. â€Å"Blood ran cold† suggests fear and apprehension, as this is a very human emotion, the reader has a rare chance to sympathise with the protagonist. This is somewhat ironic as the narrator is very far from the stereotypical hero, and yet the reader is ready to find an appealing quality in the character. In order to interpret the piece properly the reader must pay close attention to both the syntax and the repetition of language, used conjunctively to create a dramatic effect. â€Å"Object there was none, passion there was none† is a primary example. The repetition of â€Å"none† creates a very distinctive rhythm, whilst the double use of five syllable sentence fragments forms a very recognisable syntax. In this case it creates a sense of ruthlessness and suggests that the protagonist will stop at nothing in order to achieve his goal. Repetition of â€Å"closed† in â€Å"closed closed† creates emphasis on the words, displaying to the reader his self affirmation that his actions are good. This is reinforced by the use of â€Å"oh so cunningly† making it clear that (in his opinion) he is very skilled at what he is doing, and consequentially commending his efforts. This is further enhanced by the narrator’s egocentricity. Use of â€Å"I† is extensive throughout, (which is partially natural during a monologue) however, it is used to such an extent that the reader is led to believe that the protagonist is almost obsessed with himself and his own actions, reiterating the previous suggestion of psychological instability. The author has included various forms of irony within the novel. The narrator is seen â€Å"inquiring how he (the old man) had passed the night† – explaining how he asks the old man how his night was even though he already knows, seen as he was there and watching him in his sleep. This involves the reader as they feel as if they are let in on a secret (seen as they know that the narrator was with the man last night) making the reader feel involved as they are aware of a secret of which another character is not – raising tension and expectation. Further use of direct address to the reader, is that narrator suggests to the reader that â€Å"you fancy me mad.† This forces audience intervention, we are expected to assume, or are at least are accused of assumption that the narrator is mad. This means that the audience are forced to participate, further involving the reader within the story. By this statement Poe has grouped the reader with the rest of the characters within the novel, suggesting they are a collective of people who doubt his sanity. This is in fact true as the protagonist is clearly insane. Syntax plays a key role in the way in which this novel is read. It is clearly set, and easily recognisable throughout the text, varying in both tempo and patterning. Definite patterns in language are used; â€Å"I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell.† creating a very obvious rhythm in which the words are read, also further enforcing the very bleak and ruthless appearance to his actions. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† a horror story of crime and murder, can easily be recognised as a heavily dramatic novel. Poe, In consequence to the timing in which it was written, has created a strongly macabre piece, that in its day was probably very horrific and shocking. The way in which society has adapted to accept more and more gruesome revelations means that this tale may not be so shocking to the modern day reader, but was quite a feat in its time. It is however, still evident that the novel, in particular the opening, contains many devices employed in conjunction with one another to create a sense of drama intention. This is used to great effect, causing the reader to appreciate the dramatics of the novel, whilst becoming deeply involved with the plot.

Application Software

LP2 Assignment: Applications Software Managing Information Systems David Khuong National American University Author Note This paper was prepared for Managing Information Systems, Course ID: MT3500/CI3510, taught by Dr. Kim Eastern LP2 Assignment: Applications Software The three primary features commonly used applications software that will be summarized in this paper are personal application software, workgroup application software, and enterprise application software.Personal Application Software’s 1) Word processing; helps create, edit and print text documents. I. e. , Microsoft word, Corel WordPerfect, Google Docs, Apple Pages and Sun Writer. 2) Spreadsheet; provides a wide range of built-in functions for statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and date and time calculations. I. e. , Microsoft Excel, IBM Lotus 1-2-3, Google Spreadsheet, Apple Numbers and Sun Calc. 3) Database; stores, manipulate, and retrieve data.I. e. , Microsoft Access, IBM Lotus Approach, B orland dBASE, and Sun Base. 4) Graphics; develop graphs, illustrations, and drawings. I. e. , Adobe Illustrator and Adobe FreeHand. 5) Project management; plans, schedule, allocate, and control people and resources needed to complete a project according to schedule. 6) Financial management; provides income and expense tracking and reporting to monitor and plan budgets. I. e. , Intuit Quicken. ) Desktop publishing; use with personal computers and high-resolution printers to create high-quality printed output, including text and graphics, various styles of pages can be laid out; art and text files from other programs can also be integrated into published pages. I. e. , Quark Xpress, Microsoft Publisher, Adobe PageMaker, Corel Ventura Publisher, and Apple Pages. Workgroup Application Software Support local and international teamwork and utilizes groupware; software that helps groups of people work together more effectively.Groupware is defined by Ernst & Young’s rules â€Å"Thr ee Cs†. * Convenient; if it’s too hard to use, it’s not used; it should be as easy to use as the telephone. * Content; it must provide a constant stream of rich, relevant, and personalized content. * Coverage; if it isn’t conveniently accessible, it might never be used. Enterprise Application Software * Software developed to benefit the entire organization. * (ERP) Enterprise resource planning software; set of integrated programs that manage a company’s critical business operations for an national and international organization. Application software is integral for information Decision Support, and Specialized Purposes. Overall the application software applies the power of the computer to solve problems and perform specific tasks throughout the organization from personal, local to global level. References Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition. Chapter 2, Hardware and Software. Retrieved from: https://online. national. edu/d2l/lms/conten t/viewer/main_frame. d2l? ou=20924&tId=921805

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

"A date that will live in infamy," (Snyder 33) was what President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called December 7, 1941. It was a calm Sunday morning at Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu. Then two U.S. soldiers saw an oscilloscope signal on their mobile radars. They immediately called this in to their commanding officer but he told them to ignore it because the base was expecting a squadron of friendly B-17's to be coming from the mainland. Thirty minutes later the first bomb fell and almost killed a courier boy who was trying to deliver a message to Pearl Harbor Naval Base that the Japanese Imperial Navy was going to attack them. The Japanese bombers caught the base by surprise due to the Americans' tradition of not working on Sunday's. As the bombs fell, so did all the chances of the United States not joining the Allies in the second world war that was raging in Europe and the western Pacific. Up to that point the U.S. had just been supporting the Allies but they weren't technically at All throughout the first two years of the war, President Roosevelt focused on making life difficult for the Japanese. One way he did this was by creating various policies that would deter the Axis powers from being able to maintain the needs necessary to wage war on the Allies. One of these policies was the American financial and economic embargo, which supported China in its fight against Japan. It also, somewhat, forced neutral countries to side with the U.S. because it threatened that if any country would aid one of the Axis countries then that country would no longer be given aid packages from the United States. A second policy imposed by Roosevelt was the "moral embargo" of July 1938. This banned neutral countries from exporting planes and equipment to countries who engaged in the bombing of civilians. This made the U.S. look like the good guys because they were prote...

Editing Essay Service

Editing Essay Service Editing Essay Service Editing Essay Service: Choosing a Proper One It is not a secret that in order to succeed in essay writing and to get the highest grade for your labour, you can do nothing but appeal to any editing essay service and give a proper proofreading to your essay. However, far not all the editing essay services are of the high quality and many of them do not conduct proper proofreading and editing of the text: If you really want to pay for qualified editing essay service and not to come across low-leveled custom essay writing company we recommend you to find out what custom writing company you are going to make use of presupposes under the word editing and how editing essay service is made. If this is a simple correction of grammar mistakes, we do not advise you to make use of such editing essay service, as it will not give you anything good except of spending your money. Editing Is More Than Grammar It is not difficult to correct grammar mistakes and you can cope with this task on your own. If speaking about professional editing essay service, it will not only correct all the existing grammar and lexical mistakes in your essay but also will arrange your essay in a proper way according to the existing requirements from it. You see it is not enough to present a text free of mistakes; if you really want to get A+ grade for your essay writing, you should present cohesive text built up according to all the existing rules and demands from it. That is why before choosing this or that editing essay service, better get to know whether it conducts full editing of your essay or it only corrects the mistakes or otherwise, you will pay for nothing and just waste your time and money. We Can Help You With Any Assignment! If speaking about our editing essay service, it should be mentioned that apart from the simple editing of the text we also conduct deep editing, which includes rewriting paragraphs, which are written in a poor way. After all the mistakes are corrected, we reread your essay one more time, make it be cohesive and logically built one. We are an editing essay service, which really helps students to receive the highest grade. Appeal to our custom writing, make use of our editing essay service and you are certain to win the highest grade for your essay writing. We are waiting for you at our custom writing site in order to give your essay proper editing essay service. Read also: Example of Essay Writing Deforestation Essay Computer Essay Professional Editing Service Online Essay Editing

Warehousing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Warehousing management - Essay Example When designing a warehouse the goods that are handled should be known. Spaciousness may not be beneficial to a warehouse because the distance that a person or a machine must walk is increased. Nevertheless, an extra space that is not used means that an extra cost is also used. Before designs are made, it is important to know the physical properties of the item, how many times it is picked in order to lessen walking time. Most trade-offs are expected when the structure is being designed, the arrangement of the storage area and how the equipment are handled. An example in electrical engineering, a negative response may be used in increasing trade growth for other properties. To enhance warehousing security mainly on people, the process of hiring the workers should be categorized as either formal or informal. In a facility, different kinds of technology can be used. For example, use of video cameras or in low-tech ensuring that fences is there. In processes, the frequency of how goods are handled can cause loss of goods or damage. If they are frequently handled then the risk of them getting damaged is

Case Law Study in Ratio Decidendi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Law Study in Ratio Decidendi - Essay Example After this the type of effect that this case has on the Magistrates' Courts of Queensland is discussed and explained. Subsequently, the question of law that the court had to address is discussed, along with the reason as to how the Court reached its decision. After this the steps that the police could have taken in their investigation are discussed. Finally, the far reaching results of this decision and the events of this case are discussed. Throughout the discussion relevant case law is discussed to elucidate the subject matter. In the case of R VS AS, in the early hours of the 10th of November 2001, a male person entered Ms W's residence in Lowood and made an attempt to rape her. However, she was successful in repulsing his attacks and her attacker after punching her in the eye, escaped from that place. Ms W described her attacker as being a tall aboriginal wearing a yellow T shirt and pants which were of some heavy material like jeans. Further, she stated that she had seen this person in the driveway of the flats and that she had been informed his name as being AS prior to being attacked. After being attacked she went to Ms D's premises for help. Later on Jason Crowther the police sergeant arrived and he described the morning as being overcast with drizzling rain. He also stated that espied a man riding a bicycle and wearing a cream coloured shirt and identified him as being A. However, his notes did not refer either by name or as being an aboriginal. On the very same day Ms W identified A after seeing a photo board at the police station of young aboriginal males. During cross examination she stated that she had based her identification on the fact that she had seen A in her neighbourhood. It was also revealed that W generally wore glasses and that her eyesight was so weak that even in the courtroom she was not able to clearly distinguish the features of the counsel cross examining her. It also came to light that at the time of the assault she had not been wearing spectacles. After being punched in the face her eye was so swollen that she made no attempt to wear glasses and consequently, she was not wearing them while seeing the photo board at the police station. She also admitted that at the time of the assault it was quite dark in her room. She stated that she confirmed her identification of the rapist only after seeing the photo board. Furthermore, the Crown did not give any evidence as to how they had selected the particular photographs that were shown to W and she stated that she had only obtained a glimpse of the assaulter's rear while he was escaping through a gap that he had made in the screen door. The other evidence was restricted to making an attempt to establish that AS was seen in that particular neighbourhood at that time. In addition to sergeant Crowther, the ambulance driver also stated that he had seen a tall aboriginal in a yellow T shirt walking in that area. One Yacoob Moola, the owner of a Service Station in that area also identified this person who had come to make purchases at that early hour. His son Ahmed Moola saw AS riding a bicycle around that time. Similarly, Douglas and Peggy Heathcote also deposed that they had seen a young Aboriginal standing in the

Education Assesment Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Assesment Plan - Essay Example Learners who are able to read letter A to Z, A to L and A to G without errors are assigned grade 3, 2 and 1respectivelty. Since the students involved are at lower level the issue of time needed to complete is task is a major constraint. Besides, the entry behavior of the students and question of whether to inform the students about the standard for awarding score provides a big challenge. However, the assessment plan adheres to various principles of evaluation and hence suitable for assessing performance level. A school as an agent of social change is accountable to the community. The society expects a school to provide quality education that meets both the individual and national demands. One instrument available for establishing whether a school responds to this goal is through assessment. An assessment refers to the process of gathering, scrutinizing, analyzing, giving meaning to both qualitative and quantitative data and presenting a report about a particular area of study. The r eport acts as basis for formulating policies at school and national level. Moreover, it gauges the level of achievement of learning objectives. A teacher may choose to assess student continuously in class (formative assessment) or administer a test at the end of the term (summative assessment). Although, one type of assessment may be preferred over the other, an assessment as whole is an integral part of learning process. Therefore, the process of evaluation must not fall below standard. The process can be improved by planning the entire assessment process. An assessment plan is scheme detailing objectives, context, content, task and time of assessment. For any assessment to achieve its intended goals, it must be valid. This means it must test whatever it meant to evaluate without ambiguity (Morrow et al, 2006). Consequently, the assessment should relate to the content or curriculum. The study of alphabets is key requirement in the learning of language. It is the foundation of word formation. The assessment correctly tests this area by letting the students recite the alphabet from A to Z and assign specific words to each letter. Therefore, the assessment is meaningful. The test captures all aspects of the content such as recitation, sequencing and word building. Moreover, the mental complexity of the student is tested by asking students to identify the missing letters in a sequence. A apart from validity, an assessment should also be reliable. A reliable assessment is one which is consistent and produces similar results if it was repeated. As a result, a student should get almost same score if the assessment was done again (Maureen, 2006). This assessment is done under same condition and instruction. Each student is expected to perform same task of reciting the alphabets. Therefore, no significant variation in the performance of student is expected if the test was repeated because the instructions are clear. Again, the students are given tasks with same level of difficulty irrespective of their cognitive abilities. A student who is able to recite all alphabets is expected to fill the missing alphabets in a sequence. This demonstrates high level of internal consistency. The students are given time to perform the tasks and demonstrate their skills and abilities. In addition, they have been given an opportunity to grade themselves. The students should be made aware of the assessment criteria before commencing a test

Niger Delta Conflict On The Nigerian Economy Politics Essay

Niger Delta Conflict On The Nigerian Economy Politics Essay The objective of this Chapter is to provide a background to the study. This includes the implication of the Niger-Delta (ND) conflict on the Nigerian economy, the genesis of amnesty policy, the objective of the study, research questions, methodology as well as scope and limitations to the study. Background to the Study The centrality of the Niger-Delta Region to Nigerias economy is indisputable. This is because it produces the oil that presently sustained the economy. Unfortunately, however, over the last decades, it has become a centre for violent protests with destructive consequences on the Nigerian economy and socio-political stability as well as the rippled effect across the international. For instance, government statistics have shown that in 2005, Crude oil production has fell from 2.7million barrels per day (mbpd) to 2.4mbpd thereby showing a shortfall of 0.3mbpd in crude oil production. On the revenue side, in the same year, the projected revenue of N1.63trillion was revised downward to N1.4trillion due to shortfall in crude oil production (2006 FGN Budget Speech). Similarly, in 2006 expected revenue into the Federation Account fell by N570 billion due to loss of 600,000bpd (2007 FGN Budget Speech). In 2007, the projected revenue was short to the tune of N796billion due to disruption of cr ude oil production in the Niger-Delta region (2008 FGN Budget Speech). In 2008, crude oil production was projected at around 2.45mbpd but only 2.00mbpd was achieved also due to disruption of production (2009 FGN Budget Speech). In 2009, crude oil revenue projection fell by 17% due to disruption in production as well as fall in crude oil price at the international market (2010 FGN Budget Speech). Another pointer to the gloomy nature of the Nigerian economy was the use of the Excess Revenue Account (ERA) from year 2006 every month, except in some very few cases, to augment the monthly disbursement of revenue from the Federation Account. For instance, over N733.81bn and N795.41bn were withdrawn from the ERA to augment budget expenditure for the three tiers of government in 2007 and 2008 respectively (CBN, Annual Report, 2008). The conflict has been blamed on the nations imbalance political structure; long years of environmental pollution due to oil exploration and extraction activities; infrastructural neglect and demand for larger share of revenue from crude oil sales (Omeje, 2006). But, recognizably, over the decades, government have used carrots and sticks approaches both to coerce and appease the people of the Niger-Delta Region. While the past measures have made some significant impacts in some respects, there are recurring echoes of consternation from the region. Among the past efforts were the creation of the Niger-Delta Development Board (NDDB), Oil Mineral Producing Areas Development Commission (OMPADEC), Niger-Delta Development Commission (NDDC), Derivation Principle (from 1% to 13%) and the establishment of Niger-Delta Ministry in 2008. Fisher-Thompson (2010) writing for the Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State observed that the key to Nigerias economic progress is stability in the Niger River Delta, where the bulk of the countrys oil and natural gas is produced and where a smouldering militancy and sabotage of production facilities threaten progress for the regions 30million residents. Thus recognising the enormous potentials of Niger-Delta for the nation at large, the late President YarAdua, for example, said it would be delusional to think that electricity could be generated and transmitted on a sustainable basis in Nigeria if resolution of the Niger-Delta question remains literally or figuratively in the pipelines (Adeniyi, 2010), Similarly, the Technical Committee on the Niger-Delta (TCND, 2008), noted that President YarAdua recognised the strategic importance of the Region as the main source of Nigerias foreign revenue by making the Niger-Delta problem one of the 7-Point prog ramme of the administration. Thus, amnesty was granted to the militants in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria in June 2009, by late President YarAdua to assuage the nagging militancy in the region. There is, however, hardly any study at the moment that have made any constructive attempt to analyse the impact of the amnesty programme on the nations crude oil production as well as revenue flow into the Federation Account except for the dotted newspapers clips and other scattered official documents. Also, as it is with most novel approaches, the amnesty programme has been greeted with lots of scepticism as its likely impact of restoring peace and improved crude oil production and flow of revenue into the Federation Account might not be achieved. Accordingly, as a topical issue in Nigeria, which viability is questioned, it provides the motivation and interest to peruse government documents in order to give a better picture of the situation. Moreso, as a staff of Revenue Mobilisation Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC), an agency of government that is constitutionally charged with the function of monitoring revenue accruals into and disbursement from the Federation Account, added more impetus to the subject of the research. Hence, this research is an attempt to put together official records as well as other sources in order to give a preliminary impact of the amnesty programme on crude oil production and revenue into Federation Account. OBJECTIVES In this research, the quest is not to discuss the amnesty programme or to dwell on the oil debacle in Nigeria, but to relate the amnesty programme to some of the expected benefits, which are specifically interconnected with improved crude oil production and flow of oil revenue into the Federation Account. In other words, the primary aim of this research is to find out whether the acceptance of amnesty by the militants in the Niger-Delta has any significant impact on crude oil production output and flow of oil revenue into the Federation Account. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This research would particularly attempt to answer the following research questions: To what extent has the granting of amnesty as a mechanism to manage resource conflict in the Niger-Delta region contributes to improved crude oil production? What is the effect of the amnesty on the flow of revenue into the Federation Account (Common Pool) from the oil sector? How does the amnesty programme impact on the Nigerias fiscal federalism? METHODOLOGY Jankowicz, (1995) has defined methodology as a systematic and orderly approach taken towards the collection of data so that information can be obtained from those data. This research adopts a qualitative approach, which has been described as a subjective account that one generates by getting inside situations and involving oneself in the everyday flow of life (Gill and Johnson, 2005:89). In Strauss and Corbin (1990:17) Qualitative Research is any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification. The objective of using this approach is to be able to draw conclusion from the research question as to whether there was an increase in crude oil production as well as revenue flow into Federation Account as a result of the amnesty granted to the militants. This research uses secondary data collection approach. The data of crude oil production statistics and revenue inflow were sourced from Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Revenue Mobilisation Allocation and Fiscal Commission, Federation Account Allocation Committee Files (FAAC) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). Despite, their shortcomings, the credibility of data from these institutions is not in doubt because no any other agency can provide such data within and outside Nigeria without referring to them as source. The data collected were evaluated using a simple data inspection technique which is a comparison between actual experience and counterfactual scenarios. This type of technique is comprised of three methods namely; with versus without, before versus after and target versus actual. This method is basically used to analyse the effects of programmes and performance (Douangboupha, 2004). This research adopted the before and after technique because it provide the basis in which comparison is done between crude oil production and revenue flow into Federation Account before and after the amnesty has been granted. The before versus after method is used to compare performance of a new policy with what was before the reform. This approach usually shows what happened and not why it happened. However, this approached is criticised on the fact that it ignores other external factors that can influence it outcome (Douangboupha, 2004). SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH The scope of this research is to examine crude oil and revenue data from January 2009 May 2010. Similarly, the research would not be interested in looking at the amnesty programme in general. Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction The main objective of this Chapter is to critically review literature from variety of perspectives on the causation and management of conflict with links to natural resources induced conflicts. Review of Literature Conflict is a tragedy and impediment to development (Collier and Hoeffler, 2000). Conflict is an interruption of development as no development project will ever take place in a state of conflict. Of course, this has been acknowledged by late President YarAdua that conflict is threatening peace, security, order and good governance and jeopardising the economy of the nation (YarAdua, 2009). Conflict has been defined by Burton (1990) as those behaviours of individuals or groups that go beyond disagreement that cause serious injury to physical, security and future development of individuals, groups and nations. As in Omeje (2006:17), Fisher (2000) defines conflict as uneasy relationship between two or more parties who have, or think they have incompatible goals. These incompatible goals are largely associated with deep-human needs characterised by interest, desires and aspirations. Without doubt, conflicts do not just happened as there are always such factors that lead to conflicts. The causation of conflicts have been theorised in various ways such as in biological disposition, psychology, religion, identity, ethnicity, nationalism, ideology, history and ancients hatred, bad neighbours, manipulative leaders, security dilemma, cultural dysfunction, nature of the State and incompatible world views (Mac Ginty, 2009). Despite these incisive but opposing perspectives, the rentier state theory and resource curse thesis were, indeed, two central frameworks that have provided in-depth analysis on the impact of natural resources to the political, economic and social settings of resource blessed nations. In the rentier theory, it is argued that it is any state reliant not on the surplus production of the domestic population or economy but on externally generated revenues or rents usually derived from the extractive industries such as oil (Omeje, 2006). The rentier theory believed that reliance on economic rents promotes inefficiency and impede socioeconomic development (Mahler, 2010). Proponents of this theory argued that, on the political strand, rents promote authoritarian rule because it encourages network of patronage, pervasive clientelism and selfish policies of distribution. The net effects of these are lack of democratisation and gross societal depoliticisation. Another contention is that the presence of cornucopia of revenues, particularly, coming from oil sector discourages taxation thereby making the political class less accountable to the people and less interested in the promotion of citizen participation in governance. Though rentier theory focus more on the stability of authoritarian rule, rather than violence, there are evidence that rents are used to finance security apparatus by the political class to repress opposition, which in essence amount to violence (Mahler, 2010). As an example, the Nigerian political history has been dominated by both military and political elites that have less sympathy for the promotion of democracy. The evidences of coup and counter-coups that shaped the nations political past are obvious while election rigging and disenfranchisement have so far characterises the democratic dispensation. On the whole, there are submissions that the bulk of the youths in the Niger-Delta were armed by politicians. Okolo (2009) aptly states that the politicians in their unbridled lust for power, arm these youths as private armies against their real and perceived enemies making all sorts of promises to secure their loyalty but immediately their aim is achieved they abandon them forgetti ng that they still hold the arms. The youths unemployed and angry must a matter of necessity employ the guns to some use? The world is today not faced by the Thomas Malthus (1798) assertion that scarcity leads to conflict but by the argument that resource abundance has a link to conflict. The Malthusian argument is based on the idea that natural resources are in fixed supply and as demand of the resources increased, the price also increases, while the resources depleted thus leading to conflict (Mahler, 2010). On the contrary, staple theorist argued that resource abundance leads to the improvement of peoples well-being because natural resources provide the much needed revenues for the provision of goods and services. Unfortunately, resource abundance is now seen as a curse that is associated with all sorts of problems ranging from slow economic growth, corruption and conflicts (Oyefusi, 2007). Economic theorists have contended that over-reliance on single source of revenue makes a nation vulnerable and prone to conflict (Herbst, 2001) because of large rents and exposure to variety of shocks (booms and bursts). For instance, Nigeria has faced several crude oil related shocks and conflicts from 1966 to date often resulting in loss of lives and dislocation of the nations economy. More compounding to Nigeria is that the oil resource is largely located in one geographical region. And, as aptly observed by Ndikumana and Emizet (2005), dependence alone does not motivate conflict but the concentration of the natural resources in one geographical region and their unequal distribution significantly contribute to conflict. Moreso, the topography of the Niger-Delta area seems conducive for militancy activiti es. Olowu (2009) described the Niger-Delta as an intricate network of lagoons, creeks, estuaries, and mangroves swamps, stretching across 1 million square meters. Howsoever, sound is the above proposition; a many countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Norway and host of others were able to demystify the resource-dependency theory by making considerable progress in transforming their respective nations. So, for Collier (2004) the solution is to diversify the sources, which reduces the risk of conflict. Also, the resource-dependency theory has been criticised on the fact that dependency alone on a single natural resource does not lead to armed conflict. As Mac Ginty, (2005:67) argued scarcity and violence are a product of social relations rather than inherent in the relative abundance of a particular good, object or resources. It is further argued that conflict arises from a complex mix of events in the presence of resources the mode of resource exploitation, perception on benefits and identity affiliations. As it has been observed if the stake are high, identity affiliations can mutate, with groups and individuals attaching increasing weight to the purity of their ethnic group and rediscovering (or inventing) their unique history (Mac Ginty, 2005). Added to this, Ross (2003:19) pointed out that any given conflict is brought about by a complex set of events; often poverty, ethnic or religious grievances, and unstable governments The fundamental problem noted in this context is that of the management of the resources. It has been pointed out that it is the nature of the extraction coerce or voluntary, licences distribution patronage or open competition, profit destination public or private pockets that significantly explained whether there is resource curse or not (Mac Ginty, 2005). Similarly, poor management of resources create situations where individuals or group that harbour some grievances will use that as opportunity to argue against plundering of the resources located in their backyard without benefits. This is, somehow, the case in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria where there is demand for fair share of revenue from the resources extracted from the area. The Resource curse thesis presumed misery in the midst of plenty. It is argued that abundance rather than serve as a means for development leads to struggle for the control of the natural resource which often result in armed conflict (Obi, 2008). Indeed, the armed conflict in the Niger-Delta is over the control of crude oil between the State and the local communities caused by poverty and low human development index (Omeje, 2006). On another hand, studies by Sachs and Warner (1997:3) demonstrated that resource-poor economies often vastly outperform resource-rich economies. The point is that nations with abundant natural resources tend to grow slower than economies with fewer resources. In support of the above, Ross (2003) reported that the GDP per capita of countries which mining export was between 6% to 15%, fell by an average rate of 0.7% while those with mining export of about 15% 50%, their GDP per capita fell to 1.1% a year. Similarly, it showed that the GDP per capita of count ries with over 50% of mining exports, dropped by 2.3% per year. Furthermore, Sachs and Warner, (1997) cited historical instances to buttressed this point that in the 17th century despite the overflow of gold and silver from the colonies of Spain, the Netherlands surpassed Spain. This is similar with Japan and Switzerland that cast shadow over resource abundant Russia in the 19th Century while Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong became the star performers of the 20th century despite having fewer resources. Sachs and Warner (1997:4) conceptually situate this economic puzzle within the context of easy riches leads to sloth and the Dutch disease proposition. The Dutch Disease thesis argued that the availability of large rents from a single natural resources often result in the neglect of other productive sectors of the economy (Ross, 1999). In other words, the Dutch disease demonstrates that booms in natural resource sectors usually affect the distribution of employment throughout the economy, as wealth effects pull resources in and out of non-traded sector s (Sachs and Warner, 1997:5). And this is evident in Nigeria where oil revenue continue to grow from 3% in the 1960s to now over 80% of federally collectable revenue while total agricultural export dropped from 60% in the1960s to less than 8% by 2005 (Omeje, 2006). However, contrary to the persuasive argument put forward by Sachs and Warner, (1997), that one surprising features of modern economic growth is that economies abundant in natural resources have tended to grow slower than economies without substantial natural resources, Stijns, (2000:3) argued that it was a misleading result which was short of recommending that developing countries should leave their natural resources undiscovered and/or unexploited. Stijns (2000:4) further contended that natural resources are not significant determinants of economic growth because of the coexistence of positive and negative channels of effect from natural resources to other economic factors. It has been variously argued that natural resources have the potentials of promoting violent conflict through grievance and greed. The grievance theory sees conflict emerging from the long concern over deprivation and injustice (Collier, 2004 and Collier and Sambanis, 2007). Therefore, Communities whose land is being exploited sees themselves as collateral damage and where benefits is not forthcoming, they resort to protest and violence that leads to economic sabotage such as disruptions of production. For instance, the Niger-Delta region has been famous for economic sabotage as a way of protest against environmental degradation and neglect (Omeje, 2006). However, economists like Collier and Hoeffler have argued that greed is more inherent in motivating conflict than grievance or conflicts are far more likely to be caused by economic opportunities than by grievance (Mac Ginty, 2005:79, Tar, 2008). This is because the abundance of natural resource often serves as an incentive in which elites and warlords loot. The greed theory also presupposes that natural resources provide attraction to covetous individuals or groups to rebel in order to take control over revenues from the natural resources. However, critics argued that the expression made economists on the causation of conflict is economic rationalism taken to extreme (Mac Ginty, 2005:71) and pointed out that conflicts cannot be measured only by econometric methodologies or mistook correlation for causation while also subjecting the causes of conflicts only within the national environment without placing external factors such as trade, religion, regional dynamics in arms flow, etc. G enerally, it is argued that the real agents of conflicts are politics and identity while economic factors only appear to change the nature and aim of the conflict at some stage (Mac Ginty, 2005). As further contended, economic factors can enable conflict, but it cannot combust or sparks the conflict without other factors. Closely related to the greed thesis is the frustration and aggression theory, which deals with relative deprivation as a perceived disparity between value expectation and value capabilities (Afinotan and Ojakorotu, 2009). The theory argues that if there is a gap between expectation and attainment caused by lack of capability, tension crept in as a result of unfulfilled aspiration, which leads to frustration that eventually produces violent aggression. It was noted by Afinotan and Ojakorotu, (2009) that men are most inclined to aggression when subjected to unjustified frustration. Indeed, the potentials of violence are define by the gravity of deprivation. As Afinotan and Ojakorotu, (2009) pointed out men who are frustrated have an innate disposition to do violence to its source in proportion to the intensity of their frustration. The Niger-Delta conflict is a perfect demonstration of this theory because people are frustrated by lack of development, etc. However, this theory has been criticised on the ground that aggressive response to frustration may be dependent upon the individuals level of tolerance Afinotan and Ojakorotu, (2009). The separatist theory suggests that natural resources portend the risk of a secessionist conflict because it gives those in the region where the resources is located the incentive to demand for separate State (0yefusi, 2007). Indeed, it is more obvious from the emerging picture and dynamics of the conflict in the Niger-Delta region that the element of greed rather than grievance is more pronounced as various groups and factions emerged making conflicting demands and more often violently clash with each other over the control of areas where pipelines installation passes through (Omeje, 2006, 2008). In another perspective, Bannon and Collier (2003:2) contended that conflict is more likely to occur in a state of low per capita income, low economic growth rate and the structure of the economy. For instance, since the 1970s oil exports generated huge revenues in Nigeria, and yet, per capita income has remain very low in 1975 the per capita from oil was $127 which raised to $351 in 1980 and plummeted to $81 in 1989 but gradually grew to $337 in 2007 and to $391 in 2007 (CBN, Annual Statistical Bulletin, 2008). Though growing population in Nigeria has played a pivotal role in this low per capita, it is hard to conclude that low per capita from oil revenue is not one of the factors that leads to conflict in Nigeria (Mahler, 2010). But Mahler (2010:15) persuasively argued that even though falling oil revenues in the 1980s and the 1990s have contributed to low per capita, it was not only the shrinking abundance of oil but also its interplay with weak resource management performance in the country that caused further socioeconomic problems. These are issues associated with managing environmental problems and resource allocation principles. Therefore, as a solution, Collier (2004:7) suggested that doubling the level of income halve the risk of conflict. A percentage point on growth rate reduces the risk by around a percentage point. Despite the preponderance of econometric and case study analyses, there are still profound opposition that resources alone cannot be the direct link to conflict. This is because other extraneous factors and historical assumptions which are necessary for creating a link between resources and violent conflicts have not been properly contextualized through in-depth empirical studies to create linkages between resources and conflicts (Mahler, 2010). To this end, Mahler, (2010) has provided in a tabular form a matrix of resource and non-resource contextual conditions that will guide debate on the link between conflict and resources: Using the matrix in Table IV, and as has been postulated, the conflict in the Niger-Delta is premise on four contextual factors with oil serving as the main attraction (Omeje, 2006) as well as other external factors. Some commentators have situated the conflict in the Niger-Delta within the hypothesis of historical context arguing that the amalgamation of Nigeria in 1914 was unconscious of the heterogeneous nature of the nation as it failed to address the concern of the minority groups. Thus, the dominance of majority groups over the minority groups whose environment eventually produces the nations revenue, give rise to agitation for the restructuring of Nigeria (Omeje, 2006). The second ground situates the conflict in the Niger-Delta on the legal framework relating to landownership and extraction policies. Proponents of this thesis argued that the existing legal framework has given more control to the Multinational Oil Companies operating in the country thereby making them less lia ble to the environmental problems associated with exploration and extraction. In other words, the current legal mechanism within Nigeria lacks the impetus of enforcement. In the case of landownership, it is argued that the Land Use Act of 1978, for instance, has given State Government the ownership of land thus depriving individuals and groups from the right to demand for appropriate compensation, a situation which late President YarAdua attempted to reverse (Adeniyi, 2010). The third view positioned the Niger-Delta conflict on the pedestal of dependency in which the incorporation of Nigeria into global economic and political scene that is yet to be understood has disadvantaged Nigeria thereby leading to conflict. The fourth school of thought with Marxist approach sees the conflict in the Niger-Delta as the contradictions of class or groups interest intrinsic to the political economy of Nigeria as well as the character of the state (Omeje, 2006). Indisputably, the above issues are cause largely by institutional arrangement. As noted by Bardhan (2005) institutions either economic or political constitute or form the nucleus in which equitable distribution of resources or powers among divergent groups are made. And where the institution is inefficient, it becomes less credible thus attracting disquiet among the people. Bardhan (2005:27) put it that the history of underdevelopment is littered with cases of formidable institutional impediments. The failure of the institutions gives birth to collective action problem such as dispute over the sharing of the cost of bringing change known as free-rider problem and disputes over the sharing of benefits. All these problems, often, lead to breakdown of coordination among divergent and competing groups. Douglass North in Acemoglu and Robinson (2008:2) define institution as the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction. Both economic and political institutions are influence by collective choices. The political institution, for instance, allocates de jure and de facto powers even though the latter sometime uses the instrument of force to meet it objectives. Acemoglu and Robinson (2008:6-7) noted that de facto political power originates from both the ability of the group in question to solve its collective action problem and from the economic resources available to the group which determines their capacity to use force against other groups. They further noted that when a particular group is rich relative to others, this will increase it de facto political power and enable it to push for economic and political institutions favourable to its interests, reproducing the initial disparity. Certainly, the Niger-Delta co nflict is a prime example of this assertion because the militants were capitalising on the location of the crude oil in their geography as a weapon to move for drastic change in the way political power and resource distribution are made. The history of Nigeria has depicted vivid evidences of political and economic asymmetry, which means unequal power and resource distribution and relation between communities within the States and between the State and the Federal Government. It is palpable that despite the creation of more States in the last decades, the cries of marginalisation still pervade the nations political terrain. For instance, State and Federal relationship has been situated on the north/south divide created by the amalgamation of 1914 which created a presume fear that the north with numerical population would continue to dominate the south. Oputa (2000:113), for example, observed that political asymmetry in this case persists because of the fear of domination by the north in the context of party electoral competition for control of political power and, therefore, of the enormous fiscal resources and patronage deriving from it at the federal level. Another issue political asymmetry lies in the balance of po wer where the States have remained dependent on the Federal Government. But it should be noted that Nigerias federalism was unique because the centre created the units unlike in other federations where the units create the centre. Contributing to the conflict debates, the neo-liberalists through the conception that free-market made free men believe that individual freedoms, open markets and rational choice guides human beings away from encouraging conflicts but instead sees development as a ladder out of conflict. This argument was re-enforced by the submission that free trade prevents conflicts and was demonstrated by the post-colonial studies of Krause and Suzuki, which concluded that the probability of conflict under open trade is insignificant (Mac Ginty, 2009). However, this postulation was criticised on the ground that free trade encourages market-induced inequality thereby creating enmity and tension among individuals and communities. Indeed, the Niger-Delta region is the symbol of Nigerias international trade where Multi-national Companies (MNCs) engage in Oil and Gas business, surprisingly, it is the same region that has been inundated by violence. Often, there were clear evidences to suggest the invo lvement of the MNCs in the brewing of the conflicts (Omeje, 2006, 2008). Development is another issue that is said to be behind conflict. This is so because the process of development sometime provide s